The Coq Proof Assistant

# Library Coq.Numbers.Integer.Abstract.ZDivFloor

Require Import ZAxioms ZMulOrder ZSgnAbs NZDiv.

# Euclidean Division for integers (Floor convention)

We use here the convention known as Floor, or Round-Toward-Bottom, where a/b is the closest integer below the exact fraction. It can be summarized by:
a = bq+r /\ 0 <= |r| < |b| /\ Sign(r) = Sign(b)
This is the convention followed historically by Z.div in Coq, and corresponds to convention "F" in the following paper:
R. Boute, "The Euclidean definition of the functions div and mod", ACM Transactions on Programming Languages and Systems, Vol. 14, No.2, pp. 127-144, April 1992.
See files ZDivTrunc and ZDivEucl for others conventions.
Module Type ZDivProp
(Import A : ZAxiomsSig')
(Import B : ZMulOrderProp A)
(Import C : ZSgnAbsProp A B).
We benefit from what already exists for NZ
Module Import Private_NZDiv := Nop <+ NZDivProp A A B.
Another formulation of the main equation
Lemma mod_eq :
forall a b, b~=0 -> a mod b == a - b*(a/b).
We have a general bound for absolute values
Lemma mod_bound_abs :
forall a b, b~=0 -> abs (a mod b) < abs b.
Uniqueness theorems
Theorem div_mod_unique : forall b q1 q2 r1 r2 : t,
(0<=r1<b \/ b<r1<=0) -> (0<=r2<b \/ b<r2<=0) ->
b*q1+r1 == b*q2+r2 -> q1 == q2 /\ r1 == r2.
Theorem div_unique:
forall a b q r, (0<=r<b \/ b<r<=0) -> a == b*q + r -> q == a/b.
Theorem div_unique_pos:
forall a b q r, 0<=r<b -> a == b*q + r -> q == a/b.
Theorem div_unique_neg:
forall a b q r, b<r<=0 -> a == b*q + r -> q == a/b.
Theorem mod_unique:
forall a b q r, (0<=r<b \/ b<r<=0) -> a == b*q + r -> r == a mod b.
Theorem mod_unique_pos:
forall a b q r, 0<=r<b -> a == b*q + r -> r == a mod b.
Theorem mod_unique_neg:
forall a b q r, b<r<=0 -> a == b*q + r -> r == a mod b.
Sign rules
Ltac pos_or_neg a :=
let LT := fresh "LT" in
let LE := fresh "LE" in
destruct (le_gt_cases 0 a) as [LE|LT]; [|rewrite <- opp_pos_neg in LT].
Fact mod_bound_or : forall a b, b~=0 -> 0<=a mod b<b \/ b<a mod b<=0.
Fact opp_mod_bound_or : forall a b, b~=0 ->
0 <= -(a mod b) < -b \/ -b < -(a mod b) <= 0.
Lemma div_opp_opp : forall a b, b~=0 -> -a/-b == a/b.
Lemma mod_opp_opp : forall a b, b~=0 -> (-a) mod (-b) == - (a mod b).
With the current conventions, the other sign rules are rather complex.
Lemma div_opp_l_z :
forall a b, b~=0 -> a mod b == 0 -> (-a)/b == -(a/b).
Lemma div_opp_l_nz :
forall a b, b~=0 -> a mod b ~= 0 -> (-a)/b == -(a/b)-1.
Lemma mod_opp_l_z :
forall a b, b~=0 -> a mod b == 0 -> (-a) mod b == 0.
Lemma mod_opp_l_nz :
forall a b, b~=0 -> a mod b ~= 0 -> (-a) mod b == b - a mod b.
Lemma div_opp_r_z :
forall a b, b~=0 -> a mod b == 0 -> a/(-b) == -(a/b).
Lemma div_opp_r_nz :
forall a b, b~=0 -> a mod b ~= 0 -> a/(-b) == -(a/b)-1.
Lemma mod_opp_r_z :
forall a b, b~=0 -> a mod b == 0 -> a mod (-b) == 0.
Lemma mod_opp_r_nz :
forall a b, b~=0 -> a mod b ~= 0 -> a mod (-b) == (a mod b) - b.
The sign of a mod b is the one of b (when it isn't null)
Lemma mod_sign_nz : forall a b, b~=0 -> a mod b ~= 0 ->
sgn (a mod b) == sgn b.
Lemma mod_sign : forall a b, b~=0 -> sgn (a mod b) ~= -sgn b.
Lemma mod_sign_mul : forall a b, b~=0 -> 0 <= (a mod b) * b.
A division by itself returns 1
Lemma div_same : forall a, a~=0 -> a/a == 1.
Lemma mod_same : forall a, a~=0 -> a mod a == 0.
A division of a small number by a bigger one yields zero.
Theorem div_small: forall a b, 0<=a<b -> a/b == 0.
Same situation, in term of modulo:
Theorem mod_small: forall a b, 0<=a<b -> a mod b == a.

# Basic values of divisions and modulo.

Lemma div_0_l: forall a, a~=0 -> 0/a == 0.
Lemma mod_0_l: forall a, a~=0 -> 0 mod a == 0.
Lemma div_1_r: forall a, a/1 == a.
Lemma mod_1_r: forall a, a mod 1 == 0.
Lemma div_1_l: forall a, 1<a -> 1/a == 0.
Lemma mod_1_l: forall a, 1<a -> 1 mod a == 1.
Lemma div_mul : forall a b, b~=0 -> (a*b)/b == a.
Lemma mod_mul : forall a b, b~=0 -> (a*b) mod b == 0.
Theorem div_unique_exact a b q: b~=0 -> a == b*q -> q == a/b.

# Order results about mod and div

A modulo cannot grow beyond its starting point.
Theorem mod_le: forall a b, 0<=a -> 0<b -> a mod b <= a.
Theorem div_pos : forall a b, 0<=a -> 0<b -> 0<= a/b.
Lemma div_str_pos : forall a b, 0<b<=a -> 0 < a/b.
Lemma div_small_iff : forall a b, b~=0 -> (a/b==0 <-> 0<=a<b \/ b<a<=0).
Lemma mod_small_iff : forall a b, b~=0 -> (a mod b == a <-> 0<=a<b \/ b<a<=0).
As soon as the divisor is strictly greater than 1, the division is strictly decreasing.
Lemma div_lt : forall a b, 0<a -> 1<b -> a/b < a.
le is compatible with a positive division.
Lemma div_le_mono : forall a b c, 0<c -> a<=b -> a/c <= b/c.
In this convention, div performs Rounding-Toward-Bottom.
Since we cannot speak of rational values here, we express this fact by multiplying back by b, and this leads to separates statements according to the sign of b.
First, a/b is below the exact fraction ...
Lemma mul_div_le : forall a b, 0<b -> b*(a/b) <= a.
Lemma mul_div_ge : forall a b, b<0 -> a <= b*(a/b).
... and moreover it is the larger such integer, since S(a/b) is strictly above the exact fraction.
Lemma mul_succ_div_gt: forall a b, 0<b -> a < b*(S (a/b)).
Lemma mul_succ_div_lt: forall a b, b<0 -> b*(S (a/b)) < a.
NB: The four previous properties could be used as specifications for div.
Inequality mul_div_le is exact iff the modulo is zero.
Lemma div_exact : forall a b, b~=0 -> (a == b*(a/b) <-> a mod b == 0).
Some additional inequalities about div.
Theorem div_lt_upper_bound:
forall a b q, 0<b -> a < b*q -> a/b < q.
Theorem div_le_upper_bound:
forall a b q, 0<b -> a <= b*q -> a/b <= q.
Theorem div_le_lower_bound:
forall a b q, 0<b -> b*q <= a -> q <= a/b.
A division respects opposite monotonicity for the divisor
Lemma div_le_compat_l: forall p q r, 0<=p -> 0<q<=r -> p/r <= p/q.

# Relations between usual operations and mod and div

Lemma mod_add : forall a b c, c~=0 ->
(a + b * c) mod c == a mod c.
Lemma div_add : forall a b c, c~=0 ->
(a + b * c) / c == a / c + b.
Lemma div_add_l: forall a b c, b~=0 ->
(a * b + c) / b == a + c / b.
Cancellations.
Lemma div_mul_cancel_r : forall a b c, b~=0 -> c~=0 ->
(a*c)/(b*c) == a/b.
Lemma div_mul_cancel_l : forall a b c, b~=0 -> c~=0 ->
(c*a)/(c*b) == a/b.
Lemma mul_mod_distr_l: forall a b c, b~=0 -> c~=0 ->
(c*a) mod (c*b) == c * (a mod b).
Lemma mul_mod_distr_r: forall a b c, b~=0 -> c~=0 ->
(a*c) mod (b*c) == (a mod b) * c.
Operations modulo.
Theorem mod_mod: forall a n, n~=0 ->
(a mod n) mod n == a mod n.
Lemma mul_mod_idemp_l : forall a b n, n~=0 ->
((a mod n)*b) mod n == (a*b) mod n.
Lemma mul_mod_idemp_r : forall a b n, n~=0 ->
(a*(b mod n)) mod n == (a*b) mod n.
Theorem mul_mod: forall a b n, n~=0 ->
(a * b) mod n == ((a mod n) * (b mod n)) mod n.
Lemma add_mod_idemp_l : forall a b n, n~=0 ->
((a mod n)+b) mod n == (a+b) mod n.
Lemma add_mod_idemp_r : forall a b n, n~=0 ->
(a+(b mod n)) mod n == (a+b) mod n.
Theorem add_mod: forall a b n, n~=0 ->
(a+b) mod n == (a mod n + b mod n) mod n.
With the current convention, the following result isn't always true with a negative last divisor. For instance 3/(-2)/(-2) = 1 <> 0 = 3 / (-2*-2) , or 5/2/(-2) = -1 <> -2 = 5 / (2*-2) .
Lemma div_div : forall a b c, b~=0 -> 0<c ->
(a/b)/c == a/(b*c).
Similarly, the following result doesn't always hold when c<0. For instance 3 mod (-2*-2)) = 3 while 3 mod (-2) + (-2)*((3/-2) mod -2) = -1.
Lemma rem_mul_r : forall a b c, b~=0 -> 0<c ->
a mod (b*c) == a mod b + b*((a/b) mod c).
Lemma mod_div: forall a b, b~=0 ->
a mod b / b == 0.
Lemma add_mul_mod_distr_l : forall a b c d, 0<=a -> 0<b -> 0<=d<c ->
(c*a+d) mod (c*b) == c*(a mod b)+d.
Lemma add_mul_mod_distr_r: forall a b c d, 0<=a -> 0<b -> 0<=d<c ->
(a*c+d) mod (b*c) == (a mod b)*c+d.
A last inequality:
Theorem div_mul_le:
forall a b c, 0<=a -> 0<b -> 0<=c -> c*(a/b) <= (c*a)/b.
End ZDivProp.