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In networking, tunneling is using a protocol of higher level (in our case HTTP) to transport a lower level protocol (in our case TCP).

## Creating the tunnel

### Using corkscrew and HTTP CONNECT

To open the connection to the server running the SSH daemon, we will use the HTTP CONNECT method which allows a client to connect to a server through an HTTP proxy by sending an HTTP CONNECT request to this proxy.

Note: If your proxy does not support the HTTP Connect method, see the other methods below.

For this, we will use corkscrew, a tool for tunneling SSH through HTTP proxies available as corkscrew.

Opening an SSH connection is pretty simple:

    $ ssh user@server -o "ProxyCommand corkscrew proxy_ip_or_domain_name proxy_port destination_ip_or_domain_name destination_port"

but that just opens a shell. What we want is a SOCKS tunnel, so we do this:

    $ ssh -ND port user@server -o "ProxyCommand corkscrew proxy_ip_or_domain_name proxy_port destination_ip_or_domain_name destination_port"

which creates a SOCKS proxy on `localhost:$port`.

#### Tunneling Git

Restrictive corporate firewalls typically block the port that git uses. However, git can be made to tunnel through HTTP proxies using utilities such as corkscrew. When git sees the environment variable `GIT_PROXY_COMMAND` set, it will run the command in `$GIT_PROXY_COMMAND` and use the program's stdin and stdout, instead of a network socket.

Create a script:

    corkscrewtunnel.sh

    #!/bin/bash
    corkscrew proxyhost proxyport "$@"

Set `GIT_PROXY_COMMAND`

    export GIT_PROXY_COMMAND=/path/to/corkscrewtunnel.sh

Now, git should be able to tunnel successfully through the HTTP proxy.

### Using httptunnel

httptunnel, available as httptunnel, creates a bidirectional virtual data connection tunneled in HTTP requests. The HTTP requests can be sent via an HTTP proxy if so desired. This can be useful for users behind restrictive firewalls. If WWW access is allowed through a HTTP proxy, it is possible to use httptunnel and, say, telnet or PPP to connect to a computer outside the firewall.

One limitation of httptunnel is it explicitly can not handle HTTPS.[1]

If you already have a web server listening on port 80, you are probably going to want to create a virtual host and tell your web server to proxy request to the hts server. This is not covered here.

If you do not have any web server listening on port 80, you can do:

- on the server:

    hts --forward-port localhost:22 80

- on the client:

    htc --forward-port 8888 example.net:80
    ssh -ND user@localhost -p 8888

Note: As SSH thinks it is connecting to localhost it will not recognize the fingerprint and display a warning.

You can now use `localhost:8888` as a SOCKS proxy.

### Using proxytunnel

ProxyTunnel is:

  "a program that connects stdin and stdout to a server somewhere on the network, through a standard HTTP(S) proxy".

The proxy connection is used to tunnel another protocol, for example SSH through a HTTPS connection. It can be installed with the proxytunnel package.

An example for using it with OpenSSH, to eventually connect to `mybox.athome.nl`, is having the following content:

    $HOME/.ssh/config

    Host foobar
    	ProtocolKeepAlives 30
    	ProxyCommand /path/to/proxytunnel -p proxy.customer.com:8080 -u user -s password -d mybox.athome.nl:443

### Using openbsd-netcat

Install the openbsd-netcat package.

To open a connection using the OpenBSD netcat version:

    $ ssh user@final_server -o "ProxyCommand=nc -X connect -x some_proxy:proxy_port %h %p"

The OpenBSD netcat also supports SOCKS tunneling. See nc(1) § X for more on the `-X` option.

## Using the tunnel

See Proxy server#Using a SOCKS proxy.

## See also

- Background, and usage examples, for ProxyTunnel, by one of the authors.
- Tunneling SSH over HTTPS with Apache 2.4 and virtual hosts using ProxyTunnel.

Categories:

- Networking
- Secure Shell