| ## 3.4 Implemented algorithms The basic algorithm in SINGULAR is a general standard basis algorithm for any monomial ordering which is compatible with the natural semi-group structure of the exponents. This includes well-orderings (Buchberger algorithm to compute a Groebner basis) and tangent cone orderings (Mora algorithm) as special cases. Nonetheless, there are a lot of other important algorithms: Algorithms to compute the standard operations on ideals and modules: intersection, ideal quotient, elimination, etc. Different Syzygy algorithms and algorithms to compute free resolutions of modules. Combinatorial algorithms to compute dimensions, Hilbert series, multiplicities, etc. Algorithms for univariate and multivariate polynomial factorization, resultant and gcd computations. ### Commands to compute standard bases `facstd` facstd computes a list of Groebner bases via the Factorizing Groebner Basis Algorithm, i.e., their intersection has the same radical as the original ideal. It need not be a Groebner basis of the given ideal. The intersection of the zero-sets is the zero-set of the given ideal. `fglm` fglm computes a Groebner basis provided that a reduced Groebner basis w.r.t. another ordering is given. Implements the so-called FGLM (Faugere, Gianni, Lazard, Mora) algorithm. The given ideal must be zero-dimensional. `groebner` groebner computes a standard resp. Groebner basis using a heuristically chosen method. This is the preferred method to compute a standard resp. Groebner bases. `mstd` mstd computes a standard basis and a minimal set of generators. `std` std computes a standard resp. Groebner basis. `stdfglm` stdfglm computes a Groebner basis in a ring with a "difficult" ordering (e.g., lexicographical) via `std` w.r.t. a "simple" ordering and `fglm`. The given ideal must be zero-dimensional. `stdhilb` stdhilb computes a Groebner basis in a ring with a "difficult" ordering (e.g., lexicographical) via `std` w.r.t. a "simple" ordering and a `std` computation guided by the Hilbert series. ### Further processing of standard bases The next commands require the input to be a standard basis. `degree` degree computes the (Krull) dimension, codimension and the multiplicity. The result is only displayed on the screen. `dim` dim computes the dimension of the ideal resp. module. `highcorner` highcorner computes the smallest monomial not contained in the ideal resp. module. The ideal resp. module has to be finite dimensional as a vector space over the ground field. `hilb` hilb computes the first, and resp. or, second Hilbert series of an ideal resp. module. `kbase` kbase computes a vector space basis (consisting of monomials) of the quotient of a ring by an ideal resp. of a free module by a submodule. The ideal resp. module has to be finite dimensional as a vector space over the ground field and has to be represented by a standard basis w.r.t. the ring ordering. `mult` mult computes the degree of the monomial ideal resp. module generated by the leading monomials of the input. `reduce` reduce reduces a polynomial, vector, ideal or module to its normal form with respect to an ideal or module represented by a standard basis. `vdim` vdim computes the vector space dimension of a ring (resp. free module) modulo an ideal (resp. module). ### Commands to compute resolutions `res` res computes a free resolution of an ideal or module using a heuristically chosen method. This is the preferred method to compute free resolutions of ideals or modules. `fres` fres improved version of sres, computes a free resolution of an ideal or module using Schreyer's method. The input has to be a standard basis. `lres` lres computes a free resolution of an ideal or module with LaScala's method. The input needs to be homogeneous. `mres` mres computes a minimal free resolution of an ideal or module with the Syzygy method. `sres` sres computes a free resolution of an ideal or module with Schreyer's method. The input has to be a standard basis. `nres` nres computes a free resolution of an ideal or module with the standard basis method. `syz` syz computes the first Syzygy (i.e., the module of relations of the given generators). ### Further processing of resolutions `betti` betti computes the graded Betti numbers of a module from a free resolution. `minres` minres minimizes a free resolution of an ideal or module. `regularity` regularity computes the regularity of a homogeneous ideal resp. module from a given minimal free resolution. ### Processing of polynomials `char_series` char_series computes characteristic sets of polynomial ideals. `extgcd` extgcd computes the extended gcd of two polynomials. This is implemented as extended Euclidean Algorithm, and applicable for univariate polynomials only. `factorize` factorize computes factorization of univariate and multivariate polynomials into irreducible factors. The most basic algorithm is univariate factorization in prime characteristic. The Cantor-Zassenhaus Algorithm is used in this case. For characteristic 0, a univariate Hensel-lifting is done to lift from prime characteristic to characteristic 0. For multivariate factorization in any characteristic, the problem is reduced to the univariate case first, then a multivariate Hensel-lifting is used to lift the univariate factorization. Factorization of polynomials over algebraic extensions is provided by factoring the norm for univariate polynomials f (the gcd of f and the factors of the norm is a factorization of f) resp. by the extended Zassenhaus algorithm for multivariate polynomials. `gcd` gcd computes greatest common divisors of univariate and multivariate polynomials. In the univariate case NTL is used. For prime characteristic, a subresultant gcd is used. In characteristic 0, the EZGCD is used, except for a special case where a modular algorithm is used. `resultant` resultant computes the resultant of two univariate polynomials using the subresultant algorithm. Multivariate polynomials are considered as univariate polynomials in the main variable (which has to be specified by the user). `vandermonde` vandermonde interpolates a polynomial from its values at several points ### Matrix computations `bareiss` bareiss implements sparse Gauss-Bareiss method for elimination (matrix triangularization) in arbitrary integral domains. `det` det computes the determinant of a square matrix. For matrices with integer entries a modular algorithm is used. For other domains the Gauss-Bareiss method is used. `minor` minor computes all minors (=subdeterminants) of a given size for a matrix. ### Numeric computations `laguerre` laguerre computes all (complex) roots of a univariate polynomial `uressolve` uressolve finds all roots of a 0-dimensional ideal with multivariate resultants ### Controlling computations `option` option allows setting of options for manipulating the behaviour of computations (such as reduction strategies) and for showing protocol information indicating the progress of a computation.

User manual for Singular version 4.3.2, 2023, generated by texi2html.